The Heliocentric Theory, Nicholas Copernicus, Andreas Vesalius, Pencil

The Heliocentric Theory:
Copernicus' theory was slow to catch on. Without Copernicus' theory, there would be no GPS. By 1500, Europe was beginning to change significantly. The theory was physically wrong but accurately projected orbits.

Nicholas Copernicus was born in Poland in 1473 After Newton, Chinese took off. He had diverse talents but he specialized in astronomy. He believed science was possible because God sustains the universe

Andreas Vesalius was born in 1514 in Brussels. He was a doctor. He was interested in anatomy. In 1543, he published a book on anatomy. It had drawings of the insides of humans. The doctors before him did not want to do this hard work.

Pencil:
Writing instruments have been used for a long time. The Romans used an erasable wax tablet. Pencils markings last a long time. Pencils offer benefits to artists. Mistakes can be erased. Drawing can be lighter or darker depending on how hard you push. They can also be sharpened.

Mariner's Astrolabe, Double Entry Bookkeeping, Luca Pacioli, Leonardo Davinci

Mariner's Astrolabe: It was a tool used by sailors. You had to use two hands to hold it. It read the angles of the horizon. The astrolabe was successful all around the world.

Double Entry Bookkeeping: Double Entry Bookkeeping came to be after the Holy Roman Empire split into three kingdoms. Double entry bookkeeping protects you from theft because most criminals were dumb.

Luca Pacioli: Luca Pacioli went to an abacus school in Italy that taught arithmetic and business skills based on Arabic numerals. He wrote a book about chess. He popularized the double-entry accounting system. He wrote many books.

Leonardo Davinci: Leonardo Davinci was a famous painter and inventer. He is most remembered for the Mona Lisa.

Chess, Arquebus, Printing Press, Mainspring

Chess: A chess board has white and brown squares. There are 64 squares. Each player gets 16 pieces. Each player gets 8 pawns which represent foot soldiers. Knights are the main attackers. It quickly spread throughout Europe.

Arquebus: It made warfare cheaper. 25% of the King of Hungary's army carried an arquebus. A series of inventions improved a hand cannon.

Printing Press: The printing press is the single most important invention of the past 1,000 years. Books could now be printed faster and cheaper. The Bible was the first book to be printed.

Mainspring: The mainspring was first used in locks in the 1400s. Its use went into decline in the 20th century as electronics began taking over.

English Longbow, Spurs, Blast Furnace, Knights

   English Longbow: We are not really sure where the English longbow came from. The English longbow was for war. The English longbow was about 6 feet long. The arrows shot about 3,000 yards. The English longbow could shoot 6 arrows per minute.

   Spurs: Spurs were worn by knights. Spurs were a piece of iron that went on the backs of the knights' boots. The spurs helped the knight take more control of the horse.

   Blast Furnace: The blast furnace was invented by the monks. The blast furnace converts iron ore to pig iron effectively. The invention of the blast furnace helped lead the Industrial Revolution.

   Knights: A Knight was a soldier of Christ. Knights wore chainmail. Chainmail is a thousand rings linked together to form a metal cloth. Nation-states and Liberty both grew up out of the legacy of plate armor.

Spectacles, Mechanical Clock, Paper Mill, Robert Grosseteste

   Spectacles: Stectacals is another word for glasses. Alhazen the Raisin's research on lenses helped man invent eyeglasses. The eyeglasses were invented in Italy. They helped people work until they were older.

   Mechanical Clock: The mechanical clock measures time and subdivides the days into smaller units. The hours of the day varied in length before the clock. The mechanical clock brought order into the lives of everyday people.

   Paper Mill: A paper mill is a factory that is dedicated to making paper out of wood polp and old rags and other ingredients. Paper was invented around 105 A.D. Paper used to be expensive but now it is cheaper.

   Robert Grosseteste: Robert Grosseteste was a philosopher, scientist, and theologian. He studied the teachings of Aristotle. He made discoveries of rainbows.